Impact of Slavery on Industrial and Consumer Society

Impact of Slavery on Industrial and Consumer Society What part did slavery play in the emergence of an industrial and a consumer society in Britain in the period 1700-1820? Slavery did play a part in the emergence of an industrial and consumer society in Britain during the period 1700-1820. Slavery did play a part in the emergence of an industrial and an consumer society, but not significantly. Firstly, Slavery enabled large quantities of commodities to be produced and imported to Britain, which led to the consumer society. A consumer society is defined as (Dictionary, 2017)a society in which the buying and selling of goods and services is the most important economic activity. The consumer society in Britain was on the up during the period 1700-1820, with valuable commodities such as tea and sugar appearing in most homes in Britain. But slaverys part in the emergence of an industrial society was that it was that the profits contributed to the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was an economic advance for the country. It was the transition to a new and different process where the sugar industry wasnt dominant. Industries such as textiles an d Iron were more important to the industrial society. Slaverys profits are believed to have funded the industrial revolution. The idea that slavery played a part in the emergence of an industrial and consumer society will be explored further using various sources and examples such as text from Inikori, Blackburn, Eltis and evidence from Sugar Dynasty a DVD source. Firstly, slavery played a key part in the emergence of an industrial and consumer society because the slave trade produced valuable commodities for Britain, the main example of this is Caribbean sugar. This argument is supported by Joseph Inikori, a Nigerian scholar who studies Atlantic history in America. Inikori states that (Inikori, 2002, p.481) enslaved Africans and their descendants were the only specialised producers of commodities in the Americas for Atlantic commerce. This would mean that slaves were part of the emergence of a consumer society because they were the only way of producing certain commodities such as sugar which was exclusively made abroad as. Evidence from the DVD source Sugar Dynasty also argues that the part slavery played in the emergence of a consumer society in Britain. The narrator of the DVD explains how sugar was imported back to Britain where even labourers families could buy sugar for their tea. This doesnt mean it was cheap to buy. Frederick Eden exp lains how much was spent on these comodities in his book The State and the Poor Vol 3, and more was spent on tea and sugar than on rent. Sugar is recorded in this text as costing 9d per pound. This will link later to how profits of slavery played a part in the emergence of an industrial and consumer society, as evidence of how much Caribbean sugar was being sold for and how the profits from it could have funded industrial change. Although it was a valuable commodity it wasnt cheap. Others have argued that slaverys part in the emergence of an industrial and consumer society has been exaggerated. David Eltis is one historian who has argued this. Eltis argues that the slave trade only formed a tiny share of Britains Atlantic trade. Eltis uses quantitative data to support this. He states (Eltis, 2001)The slave trade thus accounted for less than 3 percent of British shipping tonnage. this data from Eltis shows how little a part slavery played in the emergence of an industrial and consume r society in Britain. Also, Eltis makes a good argument that if slavery and industrial growth were linked and if it did at all contribute significantly to industrialization then Eltis says that the first industrial economy should have been Portugal. As Portugal (Eltis, 2001) managed to carry 40 percent more slaves across the Atlantic than did the British. Therefore, he argues slavery did not play a part in the emergence of a consumer society in Britain. Instead, Eltis argues that the emergence of an industrial and consumer society was down to other industries. The sugar industry which was produced by the slave trade was not a large enough industry and therefore couldnt have funded industrial change in Britain. Eltis shows this again with the use of quantitative data (Eltis, 2001)Table 10.1 in Eltis Europe and the Atlantic Slave System shows the values adding in millions and the total labour forces of different industries in 1805. Iron, Woollen textiles, sheep farming and coal all ha d a higher value added than Caribbean sugar. Iron for example has a value of output at 16.2 million compared with Caribbean sugar at 5.47 added. Eltis uses a lot of quantitative date in this work. The advantage of this is that it is more reliable and therefore leads Eltis to state that Caribbean sugar was not the largest contributing industry to Britain, as it provided relatively small inputs to other industries. The important point here that Eltis makes is that (Eltis, 2001)Sugar was just one of hundreds of industries in an economy that was already complex this explains to us that it would be difficult to pinpoint what part slavery played when the economy was already complex. Although he does not deny that Slavery played a part in the emergence of an industrial and a consumer society, that part was to supply the country with commodities from a small industry. And contribute to the industrial and consumer society, but in a very minor way. Therefore, slavery did play a part in the em ergence of an industrial and consumer society as the slave trade provided the country with valuable commodities. Furthermore, the part that slavery played in the emergence of an industrial and an consumer society is that it produced the profits which funded the industrial revolution. They boosted the economy of Britain. Eric Williams argued this with his thesis Williams thesis. He claimed in Capitalism and Slavery (Williams, (1961 [1944]))that the profits of slavery were such as to fertilize every branch of national production and set British capitalism off to a flying start. Williams believed this was down to the triangular trade. The triangular trade was the route taken by Europeans to transport goods to Africa and exchanged for slaves, that were then taken to the Americas. Therefore, slaverys part in the emergence of an industrial society was that the profits funded industrial capitalism. However, Williams book is criticised by Blackburn for having (Blackburn, 1997)attempted no quantitative demonstration of its thesis which would have helped greatly with his argument. As discussed above, qua ntitative is important as it is supportive with numbers and figures. There are several tables in Blackburns primitive Accumulation and British Industrialization that attempt to pin point a figure of profit made from the slave trade. But despite this there is no table that states how much profit was directly invested into the industrial revolution. Referring the DVD Sugar Dynasty it gives us an idea of where profits could have been going. The DVD shows us that the planters indulged in rich and expensive food and drink. The narrator of the programme then goes on to say how the excess consumed by planters discussed visitors to Jamaica. This can be interpreted to mean that they were consuming ridiculously expensive food. We can refer to Blackburns writing to build further on this, (Blackburn, 1997) Since a large number of plantation owners were absentees, they were inclined to remit profits to Britain with some adjustment according to their estimate of commercial prospects this builds o n the idea that some profits could have been retained by plantation owners to fund their lavish lifestyles. So, slavery did play a part, but more importantly it was the profits which played a part in the emergence of an industrial and consumer society. But it is unknown how much profits were invested, it would be difficult to determine how much was invested and to what impact it had. In conclusion, Slaverys part in the emergence of an industrial and consumer society in Britain in the period 1700-1820 was that it provided valuable commodities which was important to the consumer society in Britain at the time. As these commodities were in most households but was also very expensive. Also, Slaverys profits were believed to have played a part in the emergence of an industrial society in Britain as they contributed to the investment of Britain. However, we went on to find out that the slave trade made up for only a minority of the investment into the industrial revolution. Overall slavery played only a few parts in the emergence of an industrial and consumer society in Britain. References Blackburn, R. (1997). The Making of New World Slavery: from the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800. Dictionary, O. (2017). Consumer Society. Retrieved from Oxford Dictionaries: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/consumer_society Eltis, D. (2001). The Volume and structure of the transatlantic slave trade: a reassessment (Vol. 58). William and MAry Quarterly. Waites, B. . (2007). Block 4: Slavery and freedom. Milton Keynes: The Open University. Williams, E. ((1961 [1944])). Capitalism and Slavery.

No More Hiroshima and Slough Poem Comparision Essay

There can be no doubt that â€Å"Slough† and â€Å"No More Hiroshima’s† share a large collection of differences. However, they additionally have similarities. The poem â€Å"Slough† written by John Betjeman and is expressing his hatred for the place. This becomes apparent from the beginning when he ask for â€Å"friendly bombs, come fall on slough. † The satirical humour and juxtaposition of â€Å"friendly† and â€Å"bomb† are ironic and portray a dark image of the place, and this is continued throughout the poem with words such as â€Å"Death†, and â€Å"Hell†. Moreover, the imagery of the poem is ferocious and ghastly which greats a sense of negativity towards Slough. The poem â€Å"No More Hiroshima’s† by James Kirkup shares a similarity with Slough due to the aspect of war. No More Hiroshima’s is constructed around the reconstruction of the city Hiroshima’s after having nuclear bombs released on it. Furthermore, both poets are infuriated by the cities. No More Hiroshima’s begins with the tourist arriving at the station, â€Å"At the station exit, my bundle in hand† this already creates a sense of the poet coming off the train being confused at how busy the station is and how he was expecting to see huge inspirational memorials, however he was astonished and disappointed to see no memorials and compares it to any ordinary Japanese town. The poet in Slough wishes for slough to be obliterated as it says â€Å"come bombs, and blow to smithereens† whereas the No More Hiroshima’s poem doesn’t wish for the place to be wounded as the poet still sees Hiroshima as a precious place but it has just been used in the erroneous way due to commercialization of the demolished city. Consequently I believe this portrays a sense of negativity and is extremely idiosyncratic from the poet Betjeman and this continues throughout the whole poem. In the poem No More Hiroshima’s the poet doesn’t present any characters In a clear manner. Therefore he can talk about the place in a more general manner. Conversely in Slough the poet introduces characters as he feels he has to take his emotions out on the people not the city as it says for example â€Å" and get that man with double chin, who’ll always cheat and always win, who washes his repulsive skin In women’s tears,† the poet here is vehement that the people are additionally a cause for the failure of Slough whereas the in No More Hiroshima’s there isn’t blame on the people.

Overall objectives of Holly Farm operations Essay

i. Executive Summary This case study proposes overall objectives of Holly Farm operations, and analyzes how to achieve those objectives in details. Symptoms and natures of operational problems are identified, in order to suit the remedy to the case. Solutions of two end-of-case questions are addressed, and the thought process is demonstrated thoroughly. Five options aiming at improving the operation are also provided at the end of the case study. ii. Overall Objectives of the Operation: Since Holly Farm was founded by Charles and Gillian Giles, there were several operational problems within the management during the business running process. The objectives of Holly Farm operations are to maximally increase the profitability by making use of current resources including human resources and material resources, as well as balance demand and control capacity. iii. Symptom of the Problem 1. Time spending on promotion activities was reduced. After three years’ operation, Gillian was unable to give so much time to do the promotional activities. 2. The number of people visiting maintained in the level of 15,000 per year, and there was no increase since then. 3. Visitor number fluctuated during the day time, and there was a visitors’ queuing problem on weekends. The farm opened at 11.00am, but most visitors would arrive later than 12.30pm, so very limited visitors were in the farm during that time period. However, between 4.00pm and 7.00pm, 4 out of 5 visitors would gather in the same place to watch milking, visit farm shop and purchase produce. Moreover, for milking watching on Saturdays and Sundays, visitors would queue before 4.00pm, but this activity could not start before 4.00pm. 4. There was a strong seasonality on the farm business. Only during April to October, the farm was open to the public, and within each week of this period, mid-week demand was too low, and Friday to Monday was high. 5. There were not enough workers for new designed activities. Gillian considered tying up with schools for educational visits, but she did not want to use farm guide staff on extra weekends and Charles needed them three day s a week to do farming work. However, most farm workers were glad to do that. 6. The production of the ice cream was 350 liters per day maximum, and there was only one flavor was made on any day. 7. There was no separate record kept of ice cream sales to the paying farm visitors and those to the farm shop only. iv. Natures of the Problem 1. Symptom 1 is the problem of marketing. The nature of this might be not enough market research and survey to figure out the most effective promotional activities. 2. Symptom 2 is the problem of decreased number of visitors, and there are several natures for it. First, not adequate or effective promotional activities might be one of them, since optimizing promotions could best meet customers’ needs and stop the trend of visitors decrease (Chandon, Wansink, & Laurent, 2000). Second, the accessibility and capacity of the farm might be another one, because the farm could only be open on Friday to Monday, which limited visitor number. 3. Symptom 3 and Symptom 4 are both about seasonality and fluctuation problem. One nature is seasonality and fluctuation itself, because other period of time throughout the day or the year was not suitable for the farm to either open to public, or conduct milking activities. Another nature is  the capacity and accessibility of the farm. 4. Symptom 5 is the problem of human resources. The nature for it might be not enough workers to perform new designed activities, because of lack of human resources in the farm. 5. Symptom 6 is about ice cream production and low sales. First nature for it is the capacity of ice cream equipment was limited. Second nature for it might be the once a week deliveries of ice cream was not enough for selling ice cream. The last nature could be not effective marketing to promote on ice cream to the public. 6. Symptom 7 is about sales problem. The nature of it might be inappropriate accounting system. v. Response to Questions Question 1 If Gillian intends to increase the total number of farm visitors by 50% in 2008, the vital capacity constraints for Holly Farm are the low demand in mid-week periods from Tuesday to Thursday and high demand during Friday to Monday within these businesses. In order to manage those limitations of capacity, Gillian is expected to promote and encourage coach company guests with the providing of discounts on the admission charges, and is also supposed to make more efforts to attract more families in cars and school students for educational purpose. That could stimulate low demand in the period of mid-week and limit high demand between Friday and Monday, resulting in smooth demand in the operation (Slack, Chambers & Johnston, 2010). In addition, Gillian needs to change the work schedule and augment the number of productive hours for the employees so as to alter capacity, which is a potential technique to react to the fluctuating demands (Slack, Chambers & Johnston, 2010). For instance, when more visitors are coming and extra  demand is happening, Gillian could use their farm staffs who are interested in working extra hours after doing their normal work to earn more money for their lives, which is a potential method of idle time for adjusting capacity (Slack, Chambers & Johnston, 2010). The existing farm staffs are more familiar with the conditions of the farm and the farm work, which could reduce the costs of error mistakes that could be happened in new employees. Moreover, part-time workers could be employed during peak demand periods. Furthermore, mixed plans could be employed for Gillian, which include managing demand plan and chasing demand plan (Slack, Chambers & Johnston, 2010). Discounts could be offered during the periods of low demand to encourage customers’ expenditure on visiting Holly Farm (manage demand plan) and capacity could be adjusted through the applying of chase demand plan to avoid the wasteful of extra staff, satisfy customer demand and restrict the inventory of finished goods (Slack, Chambers & Johnston, 2010). Question 2 If Gillian proposes to increase the amount of ice cream flavors from four to ten, there are several aspects that need to be considered, because variability in supply and capacity will lessen the ability of an operation to produce its inputs (Slack, Chambers & Johnston, 2010). In a short, that will â€Å"reduce its effective capacity† (Slack, Chambers & Johnston, 2010, p.325). To begin with, if the number of flavors will be increased by ten, the working time of ten flavors will be increased as only one flavor made on one day, which will augment throughput times and decrease the effective utilization of capacity (Slack, Chambers & Johnston, 2010). As a result, Gillian needs to take into account the problems that result from increasing working time. After that, when the amount of flavors increased, the queues will be accumulated on account of the longer throughput times (Slack, Chambers & Johnston, 2010). Therefore, Gillian needs to plan and manage the waiting line of customers and retailers in terms of more working hours will be consumed for the ten flavors. Followed that, the inventory will also be influenced due to the increased variability (Slack, Chambers & Johnston, 2010), so Gillian should to enlarge its inventory level of ice cream (there is only 7,000 liters for its inventory). Lastly, more staff will be  recruited for the ice cream factory, since the recent three employees’ productivity and efficiency would be decreased with the increasing working hours and duties. Consequently, Gillian should reset the base level of capacity higher to accommodate its increased number of flavors. vi. Options 1. Gillian could consider hiring extra staff who can handle the promotional activities, because she did not have much time to do it. According to Almira (2011), the company could build a positive image to the public through effective promotions. It could be concluded that the promotional activities could not be restricted to giving lectures to local schools and local organizations, and it should expend on more advertisements on magazines, newspapers and TV programs. In addition, Lawrence (1993) claimed that accurate market research and financial analysis are strong in presenting information to marketers and sellers. From this statement, she also could authorize a market-research company which is able to provide a comprehensive version of the Holly Farm’s performance, including financial data, ratio and SWOT analysis, to collect useful information. After that, through these professional surveys, the most effective promotional activities could be figured out, and there would be a more accurate business forecast for improving Holly Farm’s capacity of product and economic benefit. 2. The essential solution of decreasing number of visitors is that increasing customers’ satisfaction. Outstanding reputation could be an intangible advertisement for potential consumers, via word-of-mouth promotion of current consumers. Schwaiger and Cannon (2005) found that value of reputation demonstrates the firms’ capacity to get more future profits through decreasing transaction costs with their stakeholders. Therefore, Gillian could be suggested to do more training for their managers and service staff, which could improve their comprehensive skills and abilities to guarantee that they could do their best to meet the demands of visitors. In addition, the flexible operation strategies could remedy the emergencies and meet the diverse needs of consumers. Although managing the flexible and specific product could cause the problem of costs, offering the flexible product to meet the specific demands of customers can improve profits significantly (Gallego & Phillips, 2004). For instance, on the one hand, during the busy days, the explanatory tape could be cancelled for customers who were not interested in it, which could save time. On the other hand, Holly Farm could promote a new time schedule of each 15 minutes from 4:30 pm to 7:00 pm, which could provide a suitable option for visitors and it also avoid crowded situations, and the waiting time could used to play explanatory tape. Besides that, the various marketing should cooperate with flexible operation which could bring a refreshed image for current consumers, even potential ones, thereby attracting more visitors to come to Holly Farm. In order to meet different demands of diverse customers, various activities packages should be launched during the peak and off-peak seasons. For example, the package could include the maize maze, milking watching, and making DIY ice cream. 3. Concerning human resource management, a strategic operation system is required (Onyango & Okech, 2008). The appropriate staff plan and control capacity should be one of the criteria to function the entire business (Chang, 2011). In terms of the lack of human resource management of Charles and Gillian’s Holly Farm, there could be two major recommendations in order to improve. Firstly, enough skilled employees in each area of different businesses are necessary (Varpilah, Safer, Frenkel, Baba, Massaquoi, & Barrow, 2011). For example, different employees are responsible for doing advertising, and several focus on communicating with sponsorship. In this case, every employee would spare no effort to contribute their values to take responsibility for their business. Secondly, in order to control the costs of hiring staff to tie up with educational visits, casual or part-time employees could be better (Heneman & Milanowski, 2011). Therefore, the money that is saved could be used into other programs such as providing more facilities about educational concept. 4. In the overall operations, the inter-functional accounting management should be playing an important role (Inglis, 2008). The explicit and detailed financial documents are necessary for the organization to conclude the output of different sectors (Jorgensen & Messner, 2010). As there was no separate record between the outcomes of people visiting the farm and people only buying ice cream in special entry, there could be several recommendations to improve such condition. First of all, it would be the best that different records are done for different entries (Jorissen & Otley, 2010). As long as the special entry leading to ice cream shop only is confirmed, there would be two major financial records for the entries, the whole farm visiting and shop buying. According to the statistics, the farm can formulate different promotions and strategies to enhance the profitability. References Almira. (2011). Public relations as promotional activity. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 11(564), 21-26. Chandon, P., Wansink, B., & Laurent, G. (2000). A benefit congruency framework of sales promotion effectiveness. The Journal of Marketing, 64(4), 65-81. doi:10.1509/jmkg.64.4.65.18071 Chang, S. (2011). Study on human resource management in Korea’s chaebol enterprise: A case study of Samsung electronics. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1-26. doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.579922 Gallego, G., & Phillips, R. (2004). Revenue management of flexible products. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 6(4), 321 Heneman, H. G., & Milanowski, A. T. (2011). Assessing human resource practices alignment: A case study. Human Resource Management, 50(1), 45-64. doi:10.1002/hrm.20405 Inglis, R. (2008). Exploring accounting and market orientation: An interfunctional case study. Journal of Marketing Management, 24(7), 687-710. doi:10.1362/026725708X345470 Jorgense n, B., & Messner, M. (2010). Accounting and strategising: A case study from new product development. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35(2), 184-204. doi:10.1016/j.aos.2009.04.001 Jorissen, A., & Otley, D. (2010). The management of accounting numbers: Case study evidence from the ‘crash’ of an airline. Accounting and Business Research, 40(1), 3-38. doi:10.1080/00014788.2010.9663382 Lawrence, K. D. (1993). Market research using forecasting in business. International Journal of Forecasting, 9(4), 579-580. doi:10.1016/0169-2070(93)90083-Y Onyango, F. E., & Okech, R. N. (2008). Human resource systems in Kenya: A case study of hotel human resources performance. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 49(4), 413-427. doi:10.1177/1938965508326390 Schwaiger, M., & Cannon, H. M. (2005). The role of company reputation in business simulations. Simulation and Gaming, 36(2), 188-202. doi:10.1177/1046878105275136 Slack, N., Chambers, S., & Johnston, R. (2010).Operations Management (6th ed.) Essex: Prentice Hall. Varpilah, S. T., Safer, M., Frenkel, E., Baba, D., Massaquoi, M., & Barrow, G. (2011). Rebuilding human resources for health: A case study from Liberia. Human Resources for Health, 9(1), 11-11. doi:10.1186/1478-4491-9-11

Privity of Contract - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 850 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? A stranger to a contract can’t sue†¦!!!! Submitted by:- Ankit Bhardwaj 091004 M. B. A. III sem. The basic answer to this question is ‘NO’, as the following literature supports and explains this fact effectively. A contract is an agreement between two or more parties that creates an obligation to do or not to do something. The parties to the contract are under an obligation to perform the terms and conditions as laid down in the contract. Thus a contract can confer rights or impose obligations arising under the contract on the parties to the contract. Third parties cannot be under such an obligation to perform or demand performance under a contract. This is referred to as Privity of contract. The Doctrine of Privity of Contract under English Law The doctrine of â€Å"Privity of Contract† which means that a contract is a contract between the parties only and no stranger to the contract can sue even if the contract is avowedly made for his benefit. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Privity of Contract" essay for you Create order Thus a stranger to the consideration cannot sustain the action on the promise made between two persons unless he has in some way intervened in the agreement. As the plaintiff was to be married to the daughter of G and in consideration of this intended marriage G and the plaintiff’s father entered into a written agreement by which it was agreed that each would pay the plaintiff a sum of the money. G failed to do so and the plaintiff sued his executors. Thus, although the sole object of the contract was to secure a benefit to the plaintiff, he was not allowed to sue as the contract was made with his father and not with him The two basic principles under the English Law as can be ascertained from the above cases are that firstly consideration should move from the promisee only and secondly that a contract cannot be enforced by a person who is not a party to the contract even if it is made for his benefit. The Doctrine in India There has been a divergence of opinion in India as to whether the Doctrine of Privity of Contract, which prevails in the English Courts, is applicable to the Indian Courts. The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (here in after referred to as â€Å"the Act†) codifies the methods of entering into a contract, executing a contract; rules to implement provisions of a contract and effects of breach of a contract. The provisions of the Act prevail over any usage or custom or trade however the same will be valid as long as it is not inconsistent with provisions of the Act. Section 2(d) of the Act says that † when, at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing, or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or to abstain from doing, something , such act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise† It is clear from this section that the consideration for a contract can proceed from any person and not necessarily the parties to the contract. A promise is enforceable if there is some consideration for it and it is quite immaterial whether it moves from the promisee or any other person. However there is no specific provision in the Act which either for or against the Doctrine of Privity of Contact. It is through a series of case laws that the Doctrine has evolved. There are two aspects of this doctrine. Firstly, no one but the parties to the contract are entitled under it. Rights or benefits may be conferred upon a third party but such a third party can neither sue under the contract nor rely on defenses based on the contract. The second aspect is that the parties to a contract cannot impose liabilities on a third party. Conclusion The Act does not specifically provide for the doctrine of Privity of Contract, however through a series of case laws the doctrine is now applicable in India along with various exceptions. With reference to consideration of a contract the position in India and England are however different. Under the English law only a party to the contract can pay the consideration. If he doesn’t pay the consideration he becomes a stranger to the contract. Under the Indian Law, it is not necessary that consideration should be paid by the promisee. Though there are no express provisions as to assignment of rights and obligations under a contract in the Act, the Principle of assignment has been recognized and developed by the courts through its various decisions. A person may not give any consideration, but is a party to the contract may enforce the contract A stranger to a contract cannot sue : Suppose A and B enter into a contract for the benefit of C. The agreement between and A and B cannot be enforced by C. e. g. Two father entered into an agreement to pay a new couple money on their marriage. The couple cannot sue for enforcement of the contract between the fathers.